Shape is useful in grouping by similarity, but it has the weakest grouping effect when compared to color and size. Size makes the larger squares appear more important than the surrounding shapes. In the example below, similarity in size causes the larger shapes to stand out and form a group, even though all the shapes are the same. Size is another useful tool we can use in creating similarity. No other attribute can beat color when it comes to assigning relationships. In the example below, notice how the colored shapes have a strong effect in assigning a grouping or relation, even when different shapes are included. Similarity is particularly affected by color. Similarity helps us organize objects by their relatedness to other objects within a group and can be affected by the attributes of color, size, shape and orientation. The gestalt principle of similarity says that elements that are similar are perceived to be more related than elements that are dissimilar. Understanding how these principles work, and how to use them in your designs, produces stronger and more engaging work.Īre you ready to improve your designs? Let’s begin by digging into similarity. As a visual designer, and now an interaction designer, I apply these principles on a regular basis to create relationships and differences between elements in my designs. The gestalt principles - similarity, proximity, closure, figure-ground, continuance and common fate - are a popular tool used by designers for visually organizing information. The gestalt grouping principles of visual perception describe this organization as a set of principles that explain how we perceive and organize this huge amount of visual stimuli. Rather than perceiving elements separately, our brain organizes patterns, objects and shapes into whole forms that we can understand. In particular, our visual system processes vast amounts of information in its environment. The perceptual process enables us to perceive the world through our senses of sight, smell, sound, taste and touch. In this first article, Jon Hensley will take a look at how the principles of similarity and proximity work, and look at real-world examples to illustrate them in use so that you can begin to use similarity and proximity to create both relationships and differences between elements in your designs. Understanding how to use similarity and proximity to affect the relationships between elements in your work will help you create designs that enable easier organization and improve the usability of your work. In the article Stereotypes and Prejudice in the Perception of the “Other” (Fedor, 2014), it is argued that otherness (that which is other than the concept being considered often it means a person other than oneself) can lead to problematic interpersonal communication that often becomes permanent and may result in the prevention of community collaboration and development. This research is important, considering the number of very high-profile cases in the last few decades in which young Blacks were killed by people who claimed to believe that the unarmed individuals were armed and/or represented some threat to their personal safety. Furthermore, White individuals’ decisions to shoot an armed target in a video game is made more quickly when the target is Black (Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002 Correll, Urland, & Ito, 2006). For instance, several studies have demonstrated that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person (Payne, 2001 Payne, Shimizu, & Jacoby, 2005). Research suggests that implicit racial prejudice and stereotypes affect perception. Built from sensations, but influenced by our own experiences, biases, prejudices, and cultures, perceptions can be very different from person to person. In this chapter, you have learned that perception is a complex process. \)Īspects of Bias, Prejudice, and Cultural Factors
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